THE LINK BETWEEN DIABETES & STROKE

What is STROKE??

A sudden impairment of brain function. Also known as brain attack.

Cause by either reduction of blood flow to the brain (ischemic stroke) OR bleeding to the brain (hemorrhagic stroke)

Ischemic stroke caused by clot due to fat, cholesterol and other substances that collect on the artery walls, forming a sticky substance called plaque.

Hemorrhagic stroke (bleed) happens when a blood vessels in the brain bursts, causing blood to leak into the brain.

What is DIABETES??

A disease that can be characterized with the condition of hyperglycemia (high glucose level in blood).

2 types of diabetes:

      i.      Type 1 (IDDM – Insulin dependent DM) or known as early childhood diabetes. It is because of the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin. Commonly happens to children and teenagers. When the pancreas failed to produce insulin, the patient needs to get insulin injection to control their glucose level.

    ii.      Type 2 (NIDDM – Non insulin dependent DM).  It happens when there is decrease of body sensitivity to insulin. This makes the pancreas only produce little amount of insulin. As the body can produce its own insulin (although in a small quantity), the level of glucose in the blood can be monitored by proper weight management, proper intake of food, exercise and proper intake of medication. Insulin might be needed in certain emergency situation where the medication is not response or it has adverse reaction to the body.

The LINK!!

Generally, people with diabetes are 40% more likely to have an ischemic stroke.

Since type 2 diabetics are often OBESE or OVERWEIGHT, they often have high blood pressure, high cholesterol and circulation problems that put them higher risk of getting stroke.

RESEPI CHOCOLATE MOIST CAKE

Bahan A

1. 300G tepung gandum
2. 100g serbuk koko
3. 1 sudu teh baking powder
4. 1 sudu teh soda bikarbonat

Bahan B

1. 3 biji telur gred A
2. 1 sudu teh esen vanila
3. 100/150g gula kastor

Bahan C

1. 250ml Dutch lady full cream milk
2. 250ml minyak jagung
3. 2 sudu susu pekat manis

Bahan D

1. 250ml air panas

Topping

1. 2 sudu butter
2. 1/4 cawan susu dutch lady
3. 200g coklat bar
4. 2 sudu susu pekat manis

Cara:

1. Ayah bahan A
2. Pukul bahan B smpai kembang
3. Campur bahan C dgn Bahan B
4. Masuk bahan A ke (C+B)
5. Masukkan bahan D an gaul rata
6. Alas acuan dgn tracing paper
7. Tutup dgn alluminium foil
8. Kukus 1 1/2 jam ATAU bakar dlm oven 170' c selama 45 min.

Jenis dan Prinsip Bandaging

JENIS-JENIS BANDAGING:

1) Spiral - untuk bhgn anggota yg sama rata

2) Reverse spiral - utk bhgn anggota yg tidak sama rata

3) Figure of 8 - bhgn sendi/siku/lutut...membenarkan pergerakan

4) Recurrent - menutup bhgn distal bdn...cth: kepala, bhgn kudung, jari

5) Stump 

6) Triangular 

PRINSIP BANDAGING:

1) Nilai bgn yg akan dibalut.. bagi memastikan saiz dan ukuran bandage.

2) Berdiri di hadapan pesakit (kecuali balutab kepala, dibelakang)

3) Ampu bhgn yg terlibat

4) Balutan dimulakan dr bhgn bwh ke ats, dr dlm ke luar

5) Balutan tidak terlalu longgar atau tidak terlalu ketat

6) Mula dan akhir balutan dgn 2 lilitan

7) Balutan mestilah menutupi 2/3 balutan awal (1/3 keluasan kelihatan di bhgn luar)

8) Dedahkan bhgn jari utk periksa circulation (6p)

9) check 6p

What is 6p??

1) Pain - where the pain is located and the characteristics

2) Pulse - check peripheral pulse

3) Pallor - observe colour and temperature of skin

4) Parethesia - increase and decrease in sensation

5) Paralysis - mobility

6) Puffiness - bengkak/ edema

Bandages

Jenis-jenis:

1) pembalut 3 segi (triangular)

2) Pembalut lebar (broad bandage)

3) Pembalut panjang (narrow)

4) Gulung (rollar)

Kegunaan:

1) Menetapkan sling supaya tidak bergerak

2) Mengampu bhgn yg cedera

3) Membantu menghentikan pendarahan

4) Mengurangkan bengkak

Isolation Practices

DEFINITION

Additional isolation practices should be used when std precaution alone inadequate to stop the transmission.

Types of transmission:

1) Airborne

2) Droplet 

3) Contact

Direct Contact

Infectious diseases are often spread through direct contact. 

Person-to-Person Contact

Infectious diseases are most commonly transmitted through direct person-to-person contact. Transmission occurs when an infected person touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else. This can happen before a person is aware that they are ill. Respiratory illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are some of the diseases that can be transmitted this way.

Pregnant women can also transmit some infectious diseases to their unborn children via the placenta. Some STDs, including gonorrhea, can be passed from mother to baby during childbirth.  

Droplet Spread

The spray of droplets during coughing and sneezing can spread infectious disease. You can even infect another person through the droplets created when you speak. Droplets fall to the ground within a few feet, so this type of transmission requires close proximity.

Indirect Contact

Infectious diseases can also be spread indirectly through the air and other mechanisms.

Airborne Transmission

Some infectious agents can travel long distances and remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time. You can catch a disease like measles by entering a room well after someone with measles has departed.

Contaminated Objects

Some organisms can live on objects for a short time. If you touch an object, such as a doorknob, soon after an infected person, you are exposed to infection. Transmission occurs when you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes before thoroughly washing your hands.

Germs can also be spread through contaminated blood products and medical supplies.

Insect Bites (Vector-borne Disease)

Some infectious agents are transmitted by insects, especially those that suck blood. These include mosquitos, fleas, and ticks. The insects become infected when they feed on infected hosts, such as birds, animals, and humans. The disease is then transmitted when the insect bites a new host. Malaria, West Nile virus (WNV), and Lyme disease are all spread this way. 

Food and Drinking Water

Infectious diseases can be transmitted via contaminated food and water. E. coli is often transmitted through improperly handled produce or undercooked meat. Improperly canned foods can create an environment ripe for Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. 

Animal-to-Person Contact

Some infectious diseases can be transmitted from an animal to a person. This can happen when an infected animal bites or scratches you, or when you handle animal waste. The Toxoplasma parasite can be found in cat feces. Pregnant women and people with compromised immune systems should take extra care (disposable gloves and good hand washing) when changing cat litter, or avoid it altogether.

Animal Reservoirs

Animal-to-animal disease transmission can sometimes transfer to humans. Zoonosis occurs when diseases are transferred from vertebrate animals to people. Zoonotic diseases include anthrax (from sheep), rabies (from rodents and other mammals), and WNV (from birds). Plague is transmitted through rodents.

Environmental ReservoirsSoil, water, and vegetation containing infectious organisms can also be transferred to people. Hookworm, for example, is transmitted through contaminated soil. 

Standard Precautions

DEFINITION

A strategy for a successful infection control in the health care setting.

Used for the care of patient regardless their diagnosis and perceived infection status.

STD PRECAUTIONS PRACTICES

1) Hand washing

which is better??hand washing or hand rub??

When considering the effectiveness of hand washing and sanitizer use, we need to recognize that human pathogens and opportunistic pathogens, exist in multidimensional continuums in terms of survival, chemical resistance to antimicrobial compounds, and efficacy of hand washing etc.  Because each microorganism exists in their own multifaceted conditions for existence and survival, there can be no “one size fits all” approach to control and prevention of disease in respect to hand hygiene. 

The smaller the pathogen, the more easily trapped in the cracks and creases of our epidermis and our stratum corneum.  Here we need to realize that aggressive or “good quality hand washing” is more critical in going after viruses.A very large number of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and fungi that are easily killed by hand sanitizers. (This means that h.washing kills smaller pathogens, while hand rubs only kills larger pathogens.Hand washing is always preferred for sanitizing one's hands and hand sanitizer should only be used for those situations where lack of water prohibits or limits washing. Also remember that hand washing should be done correctly to be an effective sanitizer and most people don't know how to wash their hands.)

2) Appropriate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Goggles and Face Shield

• Heavy Neoprene Gloves

• Disposable Lab Coat and Corrosive Apron

• Plastic Vinyl Booties

• Respirators (All lab personnel must be properly fit tested

before using a respirator.)

3) Housekeeping and management of spillage

Immediate Action After Spillage of Hazardous Chemicals While Awaiting

Trained Personnel

i) Alert the workers around the area immediately.

ii) Workers should be highly cautious if the spillage involves corrosives,

highly toxic or reactive chemicals.

iii) Call for assistance as it could threaten the health of the health care

workers, patients and others in the vicinity.

iv) Put up a warning sign to indicate the area where the spillage has

occurred. This is to limit access to the area.

v) Cleaning of chemical spillage must be undertaken by trained personnel.

Handling of Chemical Spillage

All chemicals should be deemed as dangerous during handling.

i) Read the chemical label carefully before proceeding.

ii) Do not inhale or taste chemical.

iii) Use PPE such as goggles, gloves, lab coat, apron when handling

chemical.

iv) Skin that comes in contact with chemical should be washed

immediately with soap and water.

Chemical spillage should be cleaned up according to the CSDS. Example:

during the spillage of concentrated acids, pour sufficient amounts of sodium

bicarbonate on top of the spillage and leave the room till the carbon dioxide

released from the reaction has dispersed. The spillage can then be cleaned and

put into a strong chemical resistant container.

Chemical Spillage Kit

Laboratories should be equipped to handle small amounts of low hazard

chemical spills. The Chemical Spillage Kit is required for handling chemical

spills. These kits may sometimes vary according to the chemical.

Chemical Spillage Kit should consists of absorbents, PPE, clean-up material.

4) Disinfection and Sterilization

5) Management of soiled/ contaminated Linen

6) Disposable Sharp and Infectious Wastes

Blog?? what's that??

What Is Blog?? 

ok...that's what we call blog......the definition of course

actually, I'm not going to do a class on what is the blog? everyone knows what a blog? I just want to share the reason I create this blog (ada org pedulik ke kenapa??haha) .... The reasons are:
1) mcm menarik je...mcm menarik je.....

2) I'm just want to improve my English (OMG...OMG)...I will try to make an English entry                 (WOWW...nak wat entri dlm English...kononla kan)

3) I want to share about the nursing profession ... because I am  former nursing student who just graduate  UiTM student tau) and will be SRN (hope so) ... feel like to share what should not forget which is what I     was learned before as a student and will still remembered for the rest of my life....